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Jitendra Zaa's Blog. Blog posts on Salesforce, Java,.Net, PHP, Heroku and many more. DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION: Unipolar, Polar, Bipolar; ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Sampling Rate, How many Bits per Sample? Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK.

QPSK is used in CDMA because it helps achieve higher data rates.It is much better than simple PSK.

What is QPSK?

QPSK = Quadrature Phase Shift Keying In QPSK amplitude are not much.so the carrier is constant. transmission rate is higher when compared with PSK

What is the difference between QPSK?

See the question 'What is QPSK'. If you want the difference between QPSK and some other modulation system, you'll need to name the other one.

What is the difference between oqpsk and qpsk?

the phase shift allowed in OQPSK is 900 whereas in QPSK it is 1800 . QPSK is used in uplink whereas OQPSK is used in downlink.

What is the difference between QPSK and DPSK?

Qpsk has lesser bw than dpsk but has more probability in error than dpsk.

What is the difference between PSK and QPSK?

in psk,we use only single type of phase shift for a bit transition. in qpsk,we use 4 types of phase shifts for a bit transition.

How bit rate is 2 times of baud rate in Qpsk?

Although QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) refers to an instance when two bits are processed at once, this does not mean that the actual bit rate is twice that of the baud rate.

Major technical Difference between QPSK and QAM?

in qpsk we are using phases for representation of messages while in qam we hav amplitude levels. in qpsk 2 bits per symbol is used with four different phases. in qam depanding on type i.e 16 qam,64 qam,256 qam how many amplitude levels to be used accordingly i.e 16,64,256. sonender kumar

What is another form of FM and AM?

PM PPM PCM FSK DSB-SC SSB Partial response QPSK 64QAM

What are the QPSK applications?

1.CDMA System 2.cable modem 3.video conferencing 4.in satellite communication

What is the difference between BPSK and QPSK?

Binary PSK QPSK. 1. Two different phases are used to represent two binary values. 1. Four different phases are used to represent two binary values. 2. Each signal element represents only one bit. 2. Each signal element represents two bits

What is the typical bandwidth of a satellite transponder?

38 MHz. digital bit-rates vary depending on compression, modulation, typically QPSK. Expect at least 30 Mbps.

Whats the frequency number on SKY UK of the Disney Channel?

Hi mate The frequencys are Frequency 12382500 Symbol rate 29500000 Polarization horizontal Modulation qpsk Hope this helps

What is coding rate?

In telecommunications is: If the code rate is k/n, for every k bits of useful information, the coder generates totally n bits of data, of which n-k are redundant. See the related link for further information. For example: MODULATION CODING RATE BPSK 1/2 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 16 QAM 3/4 256 QAM 3/4 256 QAM 5/6 In all cases we have 1 redundant bit.

What has the author Tien Manh Nguyen written?

Tien Manh Nguyen has written: 'Phase-ambiguity resolution for QPSK modulation systems' -- subject(s): Ambiguity, Frequency synchronization, Modulation (Electronics), Phase shift keying, Signal reception, Space communication

WHAT modulation technique is used for HSUPA?

Up to Rel.6 a modified QPSK is used, combining Control and Data channels on E-DCH. With Rel.7 a higher order modulation is introduced - 16QAM allowing to double the maximum theoretical speeds to 11.6 Mbps.

Why is satellite communication not widely used for mobile communication.?

In satellite communication uplink (transmission of signal from earth station to satellite ) & downlink (reception of signal from satellite to earth station) takes place TX & RX involves a finite amount of delay which is acceptable in data communication, but i audio & video TX this delay is unacceptable, overlapping/ alaising causes errors which demodulated by qpsk.

How you can Find the maximum data rate of a noiseless 4-kHz channel-using Analog encoding eg QPSK with 2 bits per sample?

for 4KHz then for noisy channel using Shannon theorem, sampling rate will be 8K samples/sec. So with 2 bit encoding, 2 bits are sent per sample. So the data rates is 8000 samples / sec * 2 bits = 16000bits / sec = 16kbps.

What is meant by constant envelope modulation?

A constant-envelope modualtion is a modualtion scheme in which the amplitude of the modualted tone remains constant with time. Main advantage of such modualtion schmes is that they relax the linearity requirements of the power amplifier (PA) and hence a less linear and more efficient PA can be used. Most modualtion schemes are not constant-envelope. For example, BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM are not constant-envelope. Few modualtion schemes such as GFSK are constant-envelope.

How do you calculate spectral efficiency?

1.Find the Fourier Transform of the pulse used to transmit data over the channel. 2.Determine the bitrate of the signal by the modulation format (QPSK for example has 2bits/symbol so 1 symbol per second would equate to 2 bits/s) 3.The first null in the Fourier transform is the required bandwidth (~0.75 x bitrate in optical communications, depends on channel) 4. Divide bits/s by the required bandwidth to find the spectral efficiency.

What are the 2 ways that sound information is encoded in radio waves?

Information can be prepared for encoding onto a radio 'carrier' either in its original analog form, or after first being converted to a digital representation. Once the native form of the information is selected, that information can be encoded onto the radio-frequency signal by changing the carrier according to any pattern agreed to by the sender and receiver. Methods may include amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, or variations and combinations, such as DSB, SSB-SC… Read More

What is 8 phase shift keying?

8 phase shift keying is a complex form of digital modulation by altering a sine wave and a cosine wave: shifting their phase. The best explanations I have found so far can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying and http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/1modulation.pdf But they all explain the more simpler forms of phase shift keying: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and they don't say much about 8PSK unfortunately. However this might still give you… Read More

Why ifft in ofdm?

we use IFFT in OFDM to convert the signal from frequency domain to time domain the idea in OFDM generation, the transmitter accepts a stream of data and converts them to symbols using modulation technique, for example QPSK. Then the S/P converter takes the output 4 symbols and mixes each one with one of the subcarrier, we now have 4 sine waves then add the 4 sine. Now we notice that S/P conversion stage the… Read More

How does an FM signal travel?

Radio waves are influenced only by the interplay among their frequency (wavelength), the medium through which they're moving, and the presence of nearby terrain and other solid objects. A radio wave doesn't know and doesn't care whether it's FM, short wave, GPS, analog, digital, AM, country music, TV, cellular, 3G, WiFi, QPSK, a religious program, a 12-cm unmodulated microwave headed for a piece of cold meatloaf, a radar wave looking for rain or enemy aircraft… Read More

How are abbreviations acronyms and initialisms different?

An abbreviation is simply a shortening of a word or phrase. An abbreviation can be an acronym or an initialism. An acronym can be pronounced like a word: AFLAC (as uttered by the company's mascot duck), NASA, or URL. More acronyms: AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission from Radiation RADAR - Radio detection and ranging An initialism is like… Read More

Is it possible to transmit a digital signal coded as square wave as used inside a computer using radio transmission without loss?

Digital signals are regularly transmitted by radio systems. The traditional way of doing it was by frequency-shift keying (FSK) where the frequency was changed slightly between two states which represented logical 0 and 1. Another method uses phase-shift keying (PSK) which uses two phase states of the carrier wave to represent 0 and 1. The main issue in transmitting data by radio is the bandwidth, and with 2-state modulation like FSK or PSK the bandwidth… Read More

How is data transmitted through a a communication channel b destination computer c switching device d source computer?

Assuming that you are referring to a modem (analog dial up, or DSL , or Cable Modem - they all use one form or more of QAM or QPSK), then there a radio device that decodes an analog modulated signal (with forward error correction) into digital bits and double-checks their integrity, and then tweaks the digital stream a bit to prepare it to be placed upon an ethernet bus. Ethernet has it's own special cable… Read More

What is peak rate?

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the project name of a new air interface for wireless access being developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE is the evolution of 3GPP's Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) towards an all-IP network. The LTE specifications provide a framework for increasing capacity, improving spectrum efficiency, improving cell-edge performance, and reducing latency. Many of the targets for LTE are similar to those for the continuing development of High Speed… Read More

What is the difference between multiplexing and multiple access?

Answer MODULATION: Usually, the signal that we want to transmit, say a speech signal with 4000 Hz frequency, will require a very big antenna. For any signal the frequency f is related to wavelength L as c = L * f ………………………… (i) Where c is velocity of light. And antenna length is generally taken as L/2 which simply means for our case antenna length is 75000 m, obviously this size of antenna is too… Read More

Difference between ofdm dsss fhss?

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multiple-carrier (MC) modulation technique which creates frequency diversity. A high-speed data stream is converted into multiple low-speed data streams via Serial-to-Parallel (S/P) conversion. Each data stream is modulated by a subcarrier. That way, instead of having a frequency-selective fading wireless channel, where each frequency component of the signal is attenuated and phase-shifted in different amount, we have multiple flat-fading subchannels. In other words, instead of having a signal… Read More

What are the abbreviations regarding telecommunication sector?

ACCPR: Adjacent Channel Coupled Power Ratio ACIPR: Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio ADC: American Digital Carrier (D-AMPS) ADC: Analog-Digital Converter ADPCM: Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AFR: Active Feedback Resonator AGC: Automatic Gain Control AM: Amplitude Modulation AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System ANSI: American National Standards Institute APPL: Analog PLL ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying [top] BCDMA: Broad Band CDMA BER: Bit Error Rate BETRS: Basic Exchange Telecommunication Radio Service BPF: Bandpass Filter BPSK: Binary Phase… Read More

Improving communication routes of high altitude?

ABSTRACT Broadband wireless millimeter wavelength services provided from a High Altitude Long Operation (HALO™) Aircraft are now feasible. Our talk will emphasize the conceptual design of a 'bandwidth-on-demand' wireless network whose data rates to and from the subscriber will measure in the multi-megabit per second range. A variety of metropolitan area spectrum bands offer the needed bandwidth. An attractive choice is the LMDS band near 28 GHz and system characteristics at this frequency will be… Read More

Java Applet Allows You To Experience The Basics Of Fsk/msk Modulation Pdf

Sathyabama university first year BE syllabus?

Sathyabama University (Established under section (3) of UGC Act, 1956) Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai 600 119. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING B.E Curriculum BATCH (2006-2010) SEMESTER I No Subject Code Subject Name *Periods/Week Int. Marks Max. Marks in Univ. Exam Total Marks Min. Marks in Univ. Exam Min. Pass Marks Exam Duration in hrs. L T P THEORY 1 6C0001 English 4 1 0 20 80 100 35 50 3 2 6C0002 Engineering Mathematics-I 4… Read More

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.

The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.

The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along with its input.

Java Applet Allows You To Experience The Basics Of Fsk/msk Modulation Music

To find the process of obtaining this FSK modulated wave, let us know about the working of a FSK modulator.

FSK Modulator

The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and the input binary sequence. Following is its block diagram.

The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower frequency signals, are connected to a switch along with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of the output waveform during the transmission of the message, a clock is applied to both the oscillators, internally. The binary input sequence is applied to the transmitter so as to choose the frequencies according to the binary input.

Java Applet Allows You To Experience The Basics Of Fsk/msk Modulation Video

FSK Demodulator

There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main methods of FSK detection are asynchronous detector and synchronous detector. The synchronous detector is a coherent one, while asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.

Asynchronous FSK Detector

The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector consists of two band pass filters, two envelope detectors, and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass Filters (BPFs), tuned to Space and Mark frequencies. The output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal, which is given to the envelope detector. The signal in each envelope detector is modulated asynchronously.

The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the envelope detectors. It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.

Synchronous FSK Detector

The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists of two mixers with local oscillator circuits, two band pass filters and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator circuits. These two are connected to two band pass filters. These combinations act as demodulators and the decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the detectors. The two signals have a minimum frequency separation.

For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them depends on their bit rate. This synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than asynchronous type demodulators.